Home Made Energy

Posted by admin on February 24, 2010 under Uncategorized | Be the First to Comment

Yoga Benefits

Posted by admin on February 26, 2010 under Uncategorized | Be the First to Comment

Can you cleanse the body without invasive procedures, remedies or medications? Can you clear the mind without intrusive therapies? Countless people have been doing just that for thousands of years, through traditional yoga.
It is difficult to consider any part of our spirit or body that is not improved by yoga benefits. Yoga is ideal for clearing the mind and lifting the spirits. Physically, it is a cleansing practice that has proven to be very effective for many disorders.
Yoga benefits the body by increasing flexibility. In practicing yoga, you will achieve various positions that act on the joints of your body, including those that are rarely exercised. Yoga also exercises the ligaments and tendons and increases lubrication in all of these areas.
Many people who suffer from stiff muscles and joints are surprised to find that yoga makes their rigid bodies very flexible. Extensive research has shown that non-strenuous yoga positions work on certain parts of the body in an interrelated manner. When practiced together, they work in harmony to create a situation that easily attains flexibility.
Yoga is believed to be the only activity that thoroughly massages all of the body’s internal organs and glands. This massaging action also reaches the prostate, which rarely gets stimulated externally during one’s lifetime. The massage and stimulation of the body’s organs are essential yoga benefits, as they help prevent disease and give warning of a potential disease or disorder of the body.
In addition to the massaging of various organs, the gentle stretch of the muscles and joints helps to ensure that essential parts of the body receive an optimum blood supply. This helps the body flush out toxins and provide nourishment. Delayed aging, increased energy levels and a remarkable zest for life are all directly related to yoga benefits.
Yoga helps to tone the body’s muscles, especially those that have become flaccid, sloppy or weak. Practicing yoga provides muscles with repeated stimulation and helps the body to flush excess fat.
While there are many important physical yoga benefits, the mental and spiritual attributes are equally vital. Yoga allows the mind to become harmonized with the body, resulting in quantum benefits. It is said that the will of the mind has allowed average people to achieve powerful, extraordinary physical feats, proving the theory of a ‘mind and body’ connection.
Meditation in yoga helps to achieve harmony, in which the mind works in synchronization with the body. When our minds and bodies work together, we are able to perform our daily tasks and activities without mental confusion and conflict. Stress is the number one killer affecting our physical, emotional and endocrinal systems. Our levels of stress can be corrected through the practice of yoga meditation.
Yoga and meditation work together to achieve a common goal — the unity of the body, mind and spirit–with the ultimate goal being eternal bliss. Practicing meditation through yoga can help one achieve an emotional balance through detachment. Meditation creates certain conditions that prevent a person from being affected by what is happening around them. The result is a remarkable calmness along with a positive outlook on life, creating tremendous benefits to the mind, soul and body.
Yoga benefits the body in countless ways, including increased flexibility, stimulating the organs and cleansing the body of toxins. Yoga also helps to relieve stress, thus clearing the mind and freeing the spirit. Consider all the ways that yoga benefits can improve your health and lifestyle.

A Review Of Chopra Center For Wellbeing Owner Deepak Chopra

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Deepak Chopra first became a renowned endocrinologist in the 1980s, and has since blended western medicine with quantum physics and ancient philosophies to create his own well-rounded approach to healing. He has written over 35 books, and together with Dr. David Simon, has created the Chopra Center for Wellbeing.
Through this center, anyone can take any of the retreats and seminars that are offered. Topics include Perfect Health, Soul of Healing, Journey into Healing, Healing the Heart, Emotional Freedom, SynchroDestiny, Seduction of Spirit, Renewal Weekend, Secrets of Enlightenment, Seduction of Silence and Grow Younger, Live Longer.
These programs teach people how to live healthier and develop a mind-body-spirit connection through the use of meditation, Ayurvedic therapies, yoga, relationship counseling and healthy living skills. Programs last an average of five days, and immerse each participant in the theories and practices that promote meditation and the raising of consciousness. Programs cost between $1275 and $4400, depending on how far in advance you register.
Dr. Deepak Chopra and his staff also travel the world teaching these seminars. A complete schedule can be found at his website. If you have the money and inclination, one of the Chopra programs would fit nicely into a longer vacation.
Those who wish to teach similar topics can take training in meditation, Ayurveda and yoga. Training is allowed once you meet the described prerequisites, and pay for the training costs. Once you are a certified instructor, you can get discounts on other programs at the Chopra Center for Wellbeing.
The Chopra Center for Wellbeing also has an extensive online shop. The shop contains products for the home including fine art and music, along with Ayurvedic products and aromatherapy. One of the Ayurvedic products Deepak Chopak promotes is called Zrii.
Zrii is a mixture of fruit juices and herbs that provides solid nutrition, including phytonutrients, amino acids, antioxidants, trace minerals and more. Zrii is now offering the public the opportunity to promote Zrii as a business opportunity.
The Zrii company offers a Fast Start Training Bonus for sponsoring and training new people, and a weekly payment for any product purchases they make in their first ninety days. The Fast Start Bonus Pool is paid on a monthly basis. For every five people you enroll in a given month, you get one share. They also offer other monthly bonuses that reward you for achieving various goals.
A phone number is given for support in joining and doing well in the program. There is no information given as to what it costs to join, or what you need to do to complete your training. There is also no information on how they want you to market their product.
Zrii does offer an incentive trip if you qualify, to visit the Chopra Center of Wellbeing. There is also a members-only area of the website. It looks like they are still preparing their big launch, so if you’re looking for a brand new company that hasn’t saturated the market, this one may be worth checking out. If you prefer a proven track record, you may want to look at something else.

Where is God When I Need Him?

Posted by admin on February 25, 2010 under Uncategorized | Be the First to Comment

Viral Marketing – Whoa, You Mean to Tell Me This Sucker’s Nuclear?

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A viral marketing model is simply a chain-reaction. It could have well been called “nuclear marketing,” since the same principles are in play. In an ideal chain-reaction – or social network – one person tells two friends, who tells two more, and so on. In theory, 2 to the 15th power – slightly less than 4.3 billion – people would receive the message, only 15 levels from the instigator. This is why a viral marketing campaign is unsustainable. There are only a finite number of people. After creating the concept, it’s a simple matter of mechanics to sustain it. Yet it is neither requisite – nor necessary – to be a nuclear physicist or a quantum mechanic to take advantage of the established constructs. There are four elements required to form a viral marketing campaign. It must: Be high-concept Have a hook Be accessible Have mass appeal A high-concept idea – this may be apocryphal, yet makes the point – is the writer who pitched a movie in Hollywood with three words: “Schwarzenegger, DeVito, twins.” An elegant concept works. The hook must appeal to a base emotion. Pencils distributed at a high school with only the words: “It’s coming!” Nothing else. No hint of what “it” was, but “it” generated a firestorm of buzz. A week before the event, “it” was revealed as being the prom. The base emotion was curiosity. Accessibility is essential. Ideally, it’s free and easily passed on with little or no effort of the person spreading the message or the recipient. Mass appeal the message gets the attention of the specific social group targeted. Any others drawn in are a bonus. The “Numa-Numa” video is a classic – and totally unintentional – viral phenomenon. The impression lasts long after the video is over. That is the goal of viral marketing.

Man, the Microcosm; Part 7

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The subject of Rays is abstruse and complex. With our limited minds and consciousness we can only perceive and comprehend a general picture. Consciousness play a role in unfolding the knowledge we have of ourselves, or rather SELF. It is for this reason that spirituality is equated with the expansion of consciousness, for the more conscious we are, the more divine our expression; the more we apprehend Cosmic purpose, the more responsive we are to sentient contiguity. The inner differences between one kingdom and another is the quality of the consciousness. Those interested in delving more on the subject of Rays ought to study the works of Alice Bailey.

Now we will discuss the interesting subject of consciousness. Consciousness can be considered as a stream of energy limited in its awareness in the lower planes because of the sheaths that it occupies. This limitation causes an illusory, dualistic sense of fragmentation–of separation from the other elements of the Omniverse. This thread of Ariadne, or the stream of consciousness, is never disconnected or severed as the waking consciousness would have us believe. It is in reality a continuum. There is only one divine consciousness functioning at various levels. These levels are:

1) Waking Consciousness–both the objective and subjective aspect

2) Subconsciousness

3) Superconsciousness or Christ Consciousness

4) Cosmic Consciousness

In Hindu philosophy they correspond to:

1) Jagrat

2) Swapna

3) Sushupti

4) Turiya

The first two classifications are the consciousness levels of the Personality; superconsciousness is the state of awareness of the Ego. Turiya is the consciousness-state of the Monad–Buddhism call it Adi Buddha or Alaya Vijnana. Sushupti is the Christ-state that we are immediately concerned with. We are all striving to acquire this state by spiritual living. It is the intermediate state prior to the attainment of Cosmic Consciousness. Sushupti is the “dreamless state,” the Christ Consciousness that we are told to form within us by St. Paul:

“My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you . . . ” (Ga 4:19)

To possess Egoic Consciousness is to dwell in the secret place of the Most High. This secret place is Munsalvaesche, or Mt. Salvation in the Grail Mysteries. Initiates of the Huna teachings of Hawaii, the “Kahunas,” refer to superconsciousness as, “Aumakua.” Expansion of the consciousness causes a parallel development in the brain, its structure changes to conform to the quality of the operating consciousness.

Swapna, the “dream-state,” is our subconsciousness. It is the storehouse of unprocessed impulses that we create and record in the waking state, such as our phobias. Our instincts have their source here too. The subconsciousness is also the channel for psychic contact with other intelligences–disembodied and embodied. Impulses of this “Id,” as Freud calls it, often emerge in the form of dreams when the waking consciousness is quiescent. Sometimes it erupts in the waking consciousness, and thus we have the interesting phenomenon of hallucinations, which may occur through the auditory or visual faculty. The subconsciousness runs our involuntary functions such as the pulsations of the heart, the peristaltic movement of the bowels, and the pumping of the lungs. The Swapna-state is very receptive to suggestion. It carries-out commands given to it by the waking mind without question–that is, to a certain degree. Hypnotism is a practice that reaches the subconsciousness by bypassing the awareness of the waking consciousness.

Our waking consciousness is dual in nature: it is objective, and it is subjective. Objective consciousness is the result of external stimuli, the perception of vibrations emanating from the world around us. Our subjective consciousness is related to psychic processes occurring inside the psyche and are within voluntary control, such as reasoning, visualization, and imagination. Here inside the subjective consciousness lies most of the tools of Transcendental Magic. Quantum physics is beginning to realize the principle that consciousness affects that which it observes. This is evident in the atomic level. Occultists have long known of this law and have applied it in the art of transmutation.

Mantras are useful tools in producing an altered state of consciousness. Every initiatic tradition employs its use to further Man’s spiritual unfoldment. It is interesting to note that strong emotions such as fear causes an abrupt change and orientation of one’s consciousness state. For instance, when a person is in a state of fear or shock, he often faints. the consciousness shifts from Jagrat to Swapna. This occurs similarly, although in reverse, when one experiences fright in the dream state. One is often jolted back into waking consciousness. Between the various levels of consciousness are what we call the borderline state. We are most familiar with the borderline between Jagrat and Swapna. In this state, psychic manifestations occur more readily. Psychology calls the interesting images seen in this consciousness-level “hypnogogic.” What really occurs in this state is the thinning of certain etheric webs which facilitates the entrance of impulses and vibrations emanating from the etheric and astral planes.

The brain of man produces waves of electromagnetic energies, and these are recorded in EEG machines. Four primary types of brain waves are recognized and they represent his state of consciousness. These waves are called Alpha, Beta, Theta, and Delta.

In an esoteric sense, the classification of humanity into the caste system by the lawgiver Manu symbolizes the levels of consciousness of Man as he evolves and expands his awareness. Jagrat corresponds to the Sudras–the laborers, the lowest class among mankind. Vaishas are the skilled workers and the merchants–they correspond to Swapna. Ksatriyas, or the ruling class are of the Sushupti-state; while the Brahmans are of Turiya. By evolving his consciousness, Man progresses from one state to the next.

Man’s Purpose on Earth

Ever since the fires of the mind began to grow, several profound questions have vexed Mankind, such as , where and how did we originate? who are we? why are we here? Such questions caused Man to formulate hundreds of philosophies and dogmas designed to provide him with a meaning to his existence. Sometimes Man experiences pain, suffering, and struggle in his life–and then asks “why.” If one’s philosophy does not adequately answer the query or offer solace, then the philosophy itself has to be looked into as to what intrinsic value it contains, and whether it is wise to hold on to it, to modify or to replace it altogether.

The subject of Man’s origin and true nature has been discussed previously in a succinct manner; and although our presentation was just the tip of the iceberg, they do provide food for thought. In this section we will concentrate on Man’s purpose here on earth, for this gives us some insight on Man’s collective destiny.

There is a clue to man’s purpose here on earth if we consider what Man takes along with him at the time of so-called death; for if we acknowledge the existence of the higher worlds and the continuity of consciousness through the change called death, then Man’s descent into this physical plane of coarse matter has a definite purpose which is normally forgotten as soon as incarnation takes place. A newly-developed brain does not contain the soul-knowledge acquired in previous lives and in heavenly planes. It is only by the attunement and alignment of brain-consciousness with the Soul that will bring this state of knowingness to the fore-consciousness.

It is evident when we look at the great change called “death” that Man is unable to carry his earthly goods or material things along with him when he passes away from this earthly scene; what he does reap and is able to take along with him from his earthly sojourn are immaterial treasures–things which are often considered valueless by the materialist and in most cases only realized as of great worth in the higher worlds when a greater perspective of life is perceived. The apostle Paul said:

“For the things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal.” (II Cor 4:18)

As we analyze the situation, we can only conclude that the immaterial essence, the “things which are not seen” that Man benefits from being in this world and takes along with him when the mortal body is shed, are the practical experiences that he gains from manipulating matter and the conditions of space and time; also his relating to sentient beings while encumbered in a form made out of clay. The resistence of matter tries the mettle of the soul. It is this resistance of matter that evolves soul-consciousness. The interaction between consciousness and dense matter creates the illusion of time and space. these factors, although unreal, play a part in the evolution of Man’s consciousness. As we can see from this, spiritual evolution is expressively the main purpose of Man’s presence here on Earth.

Evolution can be said to be the law of the expansion of consciousness of a life-unit. It is the principle of becoming aware–aware of the All, of the total expression and essence of the Cosmos. From another point of view, it is simply to be–to be our True SELF. This is a state that transcends space and time. Abiding in the SELF is the perception of God “face to face.” In case someone of a Christian persuasion thinks this as impossible just refer to the incident where Jacob wrestled with some force and ended up by saying:

” . . . for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved.” (Gen 32:30)

An individual who lives in such a spiritual condition constantly, no longer lives as a Personality, or Soul, but lives as Spirit. St. Paul knew of this higher state of Be-ness. He wrote concerning it in one of his epistles:

“The first Man Adam, was made a living soul, the last Adam was made a quickening spirit.” (I Cor 15:45)

Evolution is the process of manifesting the qualities of God inherent within the consciousness. Heretofore, evolution was worked upon Man by external agencies; now, at our present evolutionary stage of self-consciousness, we are to participate in our own soul-progress. It is said in Genesis, in the Pentateuch, that God rested on the seventh day. The “seventh day” is a symbolical term expressing the inception of Man’s personal involvement with his own soul culture, for where God’s works ends, Man’s labour begins. The twelve tasks of Hercules are the tasks of the soul as it acquires the immortal qualities of the signs of the zodiac. Mortal concepts and behaviour caused the fall of Man. So long as our belief-structure contains ideations and feelings of unworthiness and mortality, we will continue to live in the abyss and not feel the light of the Sun. As Man climbs the steep slopes of the abyss, he learns more and more of the laws of the Cosmos governing his being. Obedience to those laws aligns Man with the Tao.

At each step of the way, evolving Man earns certain symbolical appellations which indicate his spiritual status. In ancient writings these stages of Man’s unfolding consciousness are described as “the darkened spark,” the “flickering light,” and “the radiant son of God.” Relating these stages to the rays, we may say that each stage is influenced by one of the Rays of the triune aspect of Man’s being; for instance, the individual with a “darkened spark,” may be said to be ruled by the Personality Ray; one who is spiritually awakened, who is described as a “flickering light”–such a person is ruled by the Ray of the Ego; and so it goes with the monadic Ray and the person of the third classification. Oriental mystics have their own unique manner of describing these stages based on the condition of discipleship. Buddhism classifies them in the following:

1) Srotopati–”he who has entered the stream.”

2) Sakridagamin–”he who will receive birth only once more.”

3) Anagamin–”he who will be reincarnated no more.”

4) Arhat–”he who sees Nirvana during his life.”

There are higher classifications based on the bhumis of the Bodhisattva.

The steps in the growth of Man’s consciousness are also delineated in that esoteric “book” called the tarot. Each card of the major arcana denotes a certain stage of Man’s spiritual unfoldment. Evolution is God’s Plan. The formulation of this divine idea had its inception in archetypal worlds–in Kether, the first emanation of Ain Soph in the Qaballistic “Tree of Life.” According to this magickal system, to evolve, Man has to balance and embrace the polarities, the various opposites that we experience in life such as, love/hate, wealth/poverty, thinking/feeling, etc. These dualities are symbolised by Boaz and Jachin, the two pillars in King Solomon’s Temple. Man is pulled into entirely different directions by these two conditions; it is Man’s task to harmonize them and walk the central path. The middle way is the Royal Road home.

Conclusion

Man is endowed with several different faculties that assist him in determining and in creating his destiny and reality. Reason, imagination, free-will, are all tools that should be used to realize the true nature of things, the essence of life. Man’s belief-framework determines to a large extent his reality–the environment is a reflection of the contents of the mind and emotions. Replacement of beliefs with a direct knowing of the Spirit liberates man from all conditions that binds and limits divine expression. The Orphics of ancient Greece called the body “the prison house of the soul”–and Man can only free himself from such a dungeon by widening the cracks that emit light. In order for Man to know eternal verities and manifestations of Cosmic life in celestial spheres he would have to develop the necessary apparatuses, the spiritual mechanisms that would aid in the reception of impressions and cognizance of higher vibratory activity. “As above so below” is a truism that Man has to prove for himself; for if the macrocosm creates, and is limitless in its nature and creativity, so likewise is the microcosmic being of Man. At present humanity is patterning and expressing very little of what lies above in the Kingdom of Souls. The potentiality to manifest God’s Kingdom is present, however. Mastery of the elements of our being leads us to management of the cosmos.

Life is a Mystery School. Each day Man faces trials and tribulations–the overcoming of which gives him a greater strength and understanding. Man’s manifold experiences disciplines his mind, body, and soul. Man’s philosophy and attitudes towards life are tested as to their wholesomeness and truthfulness. Revisions to his philosophy are made when they fail to provide him with the peace and energy to grow through life. The search for one’s SELF is the search for enlightenment that is already part of the Spirit. Vajrayana Buddhism teaches the practice of knowing, feeling and imagining that the enlightened state were a part of the consciousness level in the “now,” in the eternal present. This they call the divine pride of being a Buddha. The whole subject of Man can be complex in its simplicity, or simple in its complexity. It all depends upon our understanding and the perspective that we hold, whether we desire to “become” or just “to be,” or perhaps both?

[Note: This paper contains images which may be seen as originally published at our website]

Copyright © 2006 Luxamore

The Power of Zero Point Energy to Run Your Home

Posted by admin on February 24, 2010 under Uncategorized | Be the First to Comment

Zero point energy (also known as vacuum energy) is based on quantum mechanical theories which state that empty space (the vacuum) contains an enormous quantity of untapped energy called zero point energy. What this essentially means is that even at absolute zero temperature, energy still exists. Our top scientific researchers think that if we can harness the large amount of energy available at the zero point, then we will be able to accomplish amazing things, like fully power an entire building for hardly any cost at all. Throughout the years, it has been extremely common for scientists to claim that they have discovered a method of tapping in to extraordinary amounts of energy. It wasn’t until quite recently that they discovered a way to control this energy for powering a home. Free energy devices, such as permanent magnetic generators, are finally allowing us to realize the dream of tapping into, and controlling, this magnificent power. As you might have guessed, these innovative generators have stirred up quite some controversy since there are many skeptics who simply can’t believe that it is possible. Controversies aside, as more and more people begin to realize the simple truth, we will see the 21st century usher in the age of zero point energy. Once initiated, the energy free generator (permanent magnet generator) will begin outputting an eternal supply of energy, and it will never stop. Anyone with some familiarity with zero point energy will quickly see the parallels between it and the energy produced by a magnetic generator. There is still a bit of controversy surrounding these amazing machines, but anyone who sees one in action almost always begins to realize that their doubts were unfounded. It is simple to build a permanent magnetic generator yourself, and it doesn’t even require any specific do-it-yourself knowledge. Once completed, you will have the ability to harness zero point energy and entirely power you household. Zero point energy is no longer the subject of speculative scientists. Because of these generators, it is now a reality.

How Science and Occult Science Work

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The Inductive Method of Science

Science adopts the Aristotelian, inductive method to move from the particular to the general, rather like assembling individual pieces of a jigsaw puzzle: discrete observational data are collected and gradually fitted into a general picture, the latter being a mental representational model of the physical effects observed. The mind process is predominantly intellectual, applied in a linear mode. The instruments of investigation are limited to, and conditioned by, the five physical senses and their extensions, as telescopes and microscopes, etc. The result is a precise description of the appearances, behaviour and physical mechanisms of the Universe—Nature in her manifold appearances. The prevailing scientific paradigm of materialism has many unsupported and unsubstantiated assumptions. Physical or mathematical modelling are central features of the scientific method of inquiry. This means that science itself is not about truth or knowledge, per se—rather an interpretation of the physical world.

The Deductive Approach of Occult Science

By contrast, Occult Science works in the Platonic tradition of moving from the general to the particular within the Ring Pass-Not (i.e. limiting boundaries of evolutionary growth) of every world system: the overall, grand picture is first realized in its essential nature, and the way this presents itself as particular effects then expounded. The mind process is essentially ‘lateral thinking’ and intuitive, applied in an all-inclusive mode. The instruments of investigation are not limited to the physical senses. This gives profound insights into the origin, essential nature and manifestation of Nature in her true self.

CONFLUENCE BETWEEN SCIENCE AND OCCULT SCIENCE

Why Many Scientists Are Also Embracing Mysticism

These days we find increasing numbers of scientists turning towards mysticism as a complement to the rational scientific method. A review of the world-wide Directory of Members of The Scientific and Medical Network will indicate this fact. Furthermore, teachers and students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have formed an alchemical society and regularly study The Secret Doctrine. During Millikan’s tenure at Cal Tech, a copy of The Secret Doctrine lodged in the library was so much in demand that one had to put one’s name on a long waiting list. This work is also discussed periodically at the Harvard Club in New York by several chemistry teachers, including MIT professors.

Why then, such an upsurge in interest in mysticism and occult science? We explained above that in investigating something by the scientific method, we can describe its appearance, behaviour and characteristics by standing apart from it (the discoveries from quantum physics notwithstanding). But by the occult approach in order to understand its inner nature, we have literally to become the very thing we wish to investigate—or at least to participate in it. This is why the occult system always operates from within to without, and prefers to investigate Nature by participating with her processes, rather than interrogating her outward behaviour.

It is by virtue of such interior insights that Blavatsky was able to make prophetic remarks in The Secret Doctrine about future developments in natural science, for example:

The wave motion of living particles becomes comprehensible on the theory of a spiritual ONE LIFE, of a universal Vital principle, independent of our matter, and manifesting as atomic energy only on our plane of consciousness.

The above statement displays foreknowledge about three facts that are now commonly accepted by science, namely: (a) the energy within the atom; (b) the wave-like nature of particles, and the particle-like nature of waves; and (c) the vitality and ‘consciousness’ of particles. Blavatsky was in all probability the first person to use the terms ‘atomic energy’ and the ‘wave motion of living particles’, which science has discovered for itself, using its own methods of investigation.

In the field of life sciences, we find similar portentous statements, such as:

It is not against zoological and anthropological discoveries, based on the fossils of man and animal, that every mystic and believer in a divine soul inwardly revolts, but only against the uncalled-for conclusions built on preconceived theories and made to fit in with certain prejudices.

Driven inexorably by the pressure of their own discoveries, and increasingly inconsistent theories to account for them, scientists are slowly awakening to the truth of Blavatsky’s assertion. This will soon become apparent.

Hence in view of the foregoing, it is not surprising that the greatest scientists, past and present, have realized the limits of the process of scientific inquiry and sensed the need for more intuitive approaches.

What is Chemistry and How to Tame It?

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Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes. This includes everything in the universe from a simple hydrogen atom to very large replicating molecules in life processes. Chemistry is involved with the development of medicines that control and cure diseases; food production through specific and safe agricultural chemicals; consumer products such as cleaners, plastics and clothing; new methods of energy production, transfer and storage; new materials for electronic components; and new methods for protection and cleanup of the environment. Chemists are needed to help solve some of society’s most difficult technological problems through research, development and teaching.

A major branch of chemistry, known as ‘Inorganic Chemistry’, is generally considered to embrace all substances except hydrocarbons and their derivatives, or all substances that are not compounds of carbon (including some of the small molecules of carbon.) It covers a broad range of subjects, among which are atomic structure, crystallography, chemical bonding, coordination compounds, acid-base reactions, ceramics, and various  subdivisions of electrochemistry (electrolysis, battery science, corrosion, semi conduction, etc.). It is important to state that inorganic and organic chemistry often overlap. For example, chemical bonding applies to both disciplines, electrochemistry and acid-base reactions have their organic counterparts, catalysts and coordination compounds may be either organic or inorganic.

Regarding the importance of inorganic chemistry, R.T. Sanderson has written: “All chemistry is the science of atoms, involving an understanding of why they possess certain characteristic qualities and why these qualities dictate the behavior of atoms when they come together. All properties of material substances are the inevitable result of the kind of atoms and the manner in which they are attached and assembled. All chemical change involves a rearrangement of atoms. Inorganic chemistry (is) the only discipline within the chemistry that examines specifically the differences among all the different kinds of atoms”.

Another major branch of chemistry is ‘Organic Chemistry’ which embraces all compounds of carbon except such binary compounds as the carbon oxides, the carbides, carbon disulfide, etc.; such ternary compounds as the metallic cyanides, metallic carbonyls, phosgene (COCl2), carbonyl sulfide (COS), etc.; and the metallic carbonates, such as calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate. The total number of organic compounds is indeterminate, but a huge number has been identified and named. Important areas of organic chemistry include polymerization, hydrogenation, Isomerisation, fermentation, photochemistry, and stereochemistry. There is no sharp dividing line between organic and inorganic chemistry, for the two often tend to overlap.

Application of the concepts and laws of physics to chemical phenomena is included under the heading ‘Physical Chemistry’ in order to describe in quantitative (mathematical) terms a vast amount of qualitative (observational) information. A selection of only the most important concepts of physical chemistry would include: the electron wave equation and the quantum mechanical interpretation of atomic and molecular structure, the study of the subatomic fundamental particles of matter, application of thermodynamics to heats of formation of compounds and the heats of chemical reaction, the theory of rate processes and chemical equilibria, orbital theory and chemical bonding, surface chemistry, including catalysis and finely divided particles, the principles of electrochemistry and ionization. Although physical chemistry is closely related to both inorganic and organic chemistry, it is considered a separate discipline.

Analytical Chemistry is the subdivision of chemistry concerned with identification of materials (qualitative analysis) and with determination of the percentage composition of mixtures or the constituents of a pure compound (quantitative analysis). The gravimetric and volumetric (or “wet”) methods (precipitation, titration and solvent extraction) are still used for routine work and new titration methods have been introduced e.g. cryoscopic, pressure-metric (for reactions that produce a gaseous product), redox methods, and use of a F-sensitive electrode etc. However, faster and more accurate techniques (collectively called instrumental) have been developed in the recent past. Among these are infrared, ultraviolet, and x-ray spectroscopy where the presence and amount of a metallic element is indicated by lines in it’s emission or absorption spectrum; colorimetry by which the percentage of a substance in soluble is determined by the intensity of it’s colour; chromatography of various types by which the components of a liquid or gaseous mixture are determined by passing it through a column of porous material or on thin layers of finely divided solids; and separation of mixtures in ion exchange columns and radioactive tracer analysis. Optical and electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, microanalysis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) spectroscopy all fall within the area of analytical chemistry. New and highly sophisticated techniques have been introduced in recent years, in many cases replacing traditional methods.

Originally Biochemistry was a subdivision of chemistry but now an independent science, which includes all aspects of chemistry that apply to living organisms. Thus, photochemistry is directly involved with photosynthesis and physical chemistry with osmosis, two phenomena that underline all plant and animal life. Other important chemical mechanisms that apply directly to living organisms are catalysis, which takes place in biochemical systems by the agency of enzymes; nucleic acid and protein constitution and behavior, which is known to control the mechanism of genetics; colloid chemistry, which deals in part with the nature of cell walls, muscles, collagen, etc; acid-base relations, involved in the pH of body fluids; and such nutritional components as amino acids, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, lipids and vitamins, all of which are essential to life. The chemical organization and reproductive behavior of microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) and a large part of agricultural chemistry are also included in biochemistry. Particularly active areas of biochemistry are nucleic acids, cell surfaces (membranes), enzymology, peptide hormones, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA.

Nuclear Chemistry is the division of chemistry dealing with changes in or transformations of the atomic nucleus. It includes spontaneous and induced radioactivity, the fission or splitting of nuclei, and their fusion, or union; also the properties and behavior of the reaction products and their separation and analysis. The reactions involving nuclei are usually accompanied by large energy changes, far greater than those of chemical reactions; that are carried out in nuclear reactors for electric power production and manufacture of radioactive isotopes for medical use, also (in research work) in cyclotrons.

Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry and chemical engineering that deals with the quantities of substances that enter into, and are produced by, chemical reactions.  Stoichiometry provides the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. For example, when methane unites with oxygen in complete combustion, 16g of methane require 64g of oxygen.  At the same time 44g of carbon dioxide and 36g of water are formed as reaction productions. Every chemical reaction has its characteristic proportions.  The method of obtaining these from chemical formulas, equations, atomic weights and molecular weights, and determination of what and how much is used and produced in chemical processes, is the major concern of Stoichiometry.

Many students treat chemistry as “too difficult to understand and prefer to escape and memorize even on the expense of the realization that by doing so they are bound to harm themselves now and deprive the society of their contribution later. Henceforth they should note that although it is somewhat challenging, any reasonably intelligent and dedicated student can succeed in chemistry. They should also realize that there is no use of wasting both money and time for some thing that is either memorized before examination or forgotten thereafter or some portion of it is dropped under the pretext of selection of important topics for the purpose of preparation for examination. One must not waste his/her valuables (money and time) just for the sake of degree and literacy as both of these are bound to have detrimental consequences not only for the individual concerned but also the society for obvious reasons.

Those of the students who get their confidence shattered whenever they come across chemistry may note Some Tips (given below) from tose who have succeeded in Chemistry

Highly Durable Sdlt Tape

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